That is, Freud posited that the development of the individual-from the id impulses and magical thought of childhood to the ego constraints and rationality of adulthood-mirrored the development of human cultures from magical-religious to rational-scientific. Freud used this model of individual development to explain the stages of cultural development proposed by anthropologists. Secondary process, in contrast, is a more advanced development, resulting from the emergence of the ego, which provides rational assessments under the direction of the reality principle that allow for adaptive responses to the environment. Magical thinking-the belief that wishes can impose their own order on the material world-is a form of primary process thought. Primary process thought is governed by the pleasure principle, whereby id-driven instinctual desires seek fulfillment without consideration of the constraints of the external world. Freud argued that there are two fundamental forms of thought: primary and secondary process.
This perspective influenced 20th-century psychological theorists, notably Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget. Magical thinking, then, was tied to religion and “primitive” cultures and considered developmentally inferior to the scientific reasoning found in more “advanced” Western cultures. Prominent early theorists suggested that magical thinking characterized traditional, non-Western cultures, which contrasted with the more developmentally advanced rational-scientific thought found in industrialized Western cultures. It was argued that magical thinking is an integral feature of most religious beliefs, such that one’s inner experience, often in participation with a higher power, could influence the course of events in the physical world. Magical thinking became an important topic with the rise of sociology and anthropology in the 19th century. Examples include beliefs that the movement of the Sun, Moon, and wind or the occurrence of rain can be influenced by one’s thoughts or by the manipulation of some type of symbolic representation of these physical phenomena. Magical thinking presumes a causal link between one’s inner, personal experience and the external physical world. Magical thinking, the belief that one’s ideas, thoughts, actions, words, or use of symbols can influence the course of events in the material world.
MAGICAL SYNONYM HOW TO
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